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Nego, istrazivao sam koliko sam mogao ono iz Jezekilje, i iznenadio sam se. Prilicno.
The number of cubits is stated in the Priestly Code (Ex 26:2, &c.) and in 1 K 6 and 7 (otherwise only in Ez 40:5, 21, 47:3. Zc 5:2, 1 Ch 11:23, 2 Ch 4:2 f.) by the addition of 'baama' (
באמה) prop. by the cubit. (
1)
“A cubit and a handbreadth”. A cubit of 44.5 cm (17.5 in.) and a handbreadth of 7.4 cm (2.9 in.) equaled about 51.8 cm (20.4 in.) and represented the long cubit. (
2)
handbreadth-3 inches, 1/3 span, 4 fingers. (
3)
measuring rod six cubits long … a handbreadth. The rod extended 6 royal (long) cubits of 21 in. for a total of 10.5 ft., each cubit being made up of a standard width of 18 in. and a handbreadth of 3 in. (
4)
43:13–17 The cubit described here is the long cubit—a cubit and a handbreadth, or 21 inches. The altar has a base 1.75 feet (21 inches) wide and high. A rim around the edge of the base is one span, or about 9 inches, wide. On top of the base is a lower section 3.5 feet high, having a 1.75-foot ledge. The distance between the smaller and larger ledges is 7 feet. The altar hearth, the top section of the altar where the sacrifice is offered, is 7 feet high. (
5)
It is evident, therefore, that the reed is intended in these specifications for the holy oblation. But how long is a reed?. This is given as being “six” cubits, “of a cubit and a handbreadth each” (40:5 ). “The cubit is a cubit and a handbreadth” (43:13 ). So the real problem is, How long is the cubit specified by Ezekiel?
Archeological research has established the fact that three cubits were employed in ancient Babylonia. Each was confined to its own department of work. The smallest of 10.8 inches or three palms (handbreadths) was used in gold work. The second of four palms or 14.4 inches was applied to buildings, and the third of five handbreadths or 18 inches was utilized in land spaces. The shortest cubit of three handbreadths, or palms (a palm is 3.6 inches), equalling 10.8 inches is the basic fundamental unit. There can be no doubt that Ezekiel was thoroughly familiar with this system of measurement, either from his acquaintance with it in Palestine or from his long residence in Babylonia. As the prophet is very specific in stating that the unit of measurement in his vision is a “cubit and a handbreadth” (40:5 ; 43:13 ), he, no doubt, means the smallest cubit of three handbreadths as the basic measure, plus one handbreadth, or what is equivalent to the middle cubit of 14.4 inches. Upon this calculation the reed would be 7.2 feet.
If Ezekiel refers to the Egyptian royal cubit of 20.63 inches, the holy oblation would extend beyond the limits of the land. If he meant the short Egyptian cubit of 17.68 inches, the heave-offering falls just within the bounds of the land, but leaves no portion for the prince. Clarence Larkin uses the larger cubit of approximately 18 inches and a handbreadth, thereby arriving at a reed of 10.5 feet. (
6)
Serious problems arise in attempting to use the metrological statements in Ezekiel, because, even if the professed Babylonian background of Ezekiel is unproven, the context is indisputably postexilic. Thus, the “cubit and a handbreadth” may be nothing but the Babylonian cubit of ca. 50 cm, and “cubit and a handbreadth” may reflect nothing more than the fact that the Babylonian cubit really was approximately equal to the “cubit of a man,” measuring from fingertips to elbow, plus a handbreadth. A parallel case is the “royal cubit” of Babylonia, said by Herodotus (1.178) to be 3 fingers larger than the “measuring cubit,” where “measuring cubit” may mean nothing more than the OT “cubit of a man” (against Powell, RLA 7, § I.4k). Modern treatments of these and other ancient comparisons proceed from the unlikely assumption that the authors of such comparisons were speaking in precise terms.
Clearly of Babylonian origin, but raising even more serious textual problems, is the reed (qnh), mentioned in the OT only in Ezekiel (40:3, 5–8; 42:16–19) and said explicitly to be composed of “six cubits in the cubit and a handbreadth” (40:5). This 6-cubit reed must derive ultimately from the Babylonian “scientific” system, standard from ca. 2200 to 1600 B.C. but subsequently replaced in house and field mensuration by other systems. In the Chaldean-Achaemenid period, field measure was based on the square of 100 cubits, and house and lot measure was based on a reed that consisted of 7 cubits, which was created by simply adding another standard-sized cubit to the reed (to avoid problems with the number 7). Thus, Ezekiel’s 6-cubit reed can hardly have been borrowed from Babylonian practice in the Chaldean-Achaemenid period. An earlier origin than the Exile is unlikely, because there is no evidence for preexilic use of the reed. A possible solution is suggested by a metrological table preserved in a Byzantine author of the 14th century A.D. and attributed to a much earlier but otherwise unknown architect Ioulianos (Julian) of Askalon, which gives the length measurements used in Palestine in the late Roman period (Viedebantt 1917: 123–25) and seems to reflect a merging of Greek units with the Babylonian units of the older scientific system (RLA 7, § I.2i), making it likely that the 6-cubit reed was spread westward from Seleucid Babylonia. Whether this be true or not, the metrological statements in Ezekiel are of dubious value for preexilic measures.
Handbreadth, Heb
טפח probably the width of the four fingers at their base, occurs in a metrological sense in Exod 25:25; 37:12; 1 Kgs 7:26; 2 Chr 4:5; Ezek 40:5, 43; 43:13. That this “handbreadth” corresponded to the expected 4-finger pattern is indicated by the translation “palm” (Gk palaisteµ, Lat palmus) in the LXX-Vg of Ezekiel, and by four “fingers” in the LXX-Vg of Exod 25:25 and the Vg of Exod 37:12, and by three “inches” (unciae) in the Vg of 1 Kgs 7:26 (metrologically, 3 unciae = 3/12 of 16 fingers = 4 digiti). It is the preferred measure in the Mishnah, probably because it was regarded as less ambiguous than the cubit (cf. Krauss 1911: 388; on the Aramaic synonym pšk, see RLA 7, §§ I.4b, IA.1a). (
7)
Cubit—The distance from the elbow to the finger tip—about 45 centimeters (18 inches). The cubit was the standard unit of length. It was the common designation of the height of a man (1 Sam. 17:4) or an object (Ezek. 40:5). There was more than one size cubit, for the bed of Og, king of Bashan, is described “according to the standard cubit” (Deut. 3:11), while Ezekiel’s measuring rod extended “six cubits long, each being a cubit and a handbreadth” (Ezek. 40:5). The long cubit was probably 51.8 centimeters (20.4 inches).
In Ezekiel’s vision of the temple a “man” (an angel) appears with a “measuring reed” to measure the dimensions of the temple (Ezekiel 40:3 ff; 42:16 ff). The reed is described as 6 cubits long, “of a cubit and a handbreadth each,” i.e. the cubit used was a handbreadth longer than the common cubit (see CUBIT, ; WEIGHTS AND MEASURES; TEMPLE). (
8)
The long or ‘royal’ cubit was a handbreadth (‘palm’) longer than the standard cubit of 6 palms (Ezk. 40:5), i.e. 20.4 inches or 51.81 cm. With this compare the Babylonian cubit of 50.3 cm (of 30 fingers length marked on a statue of Gudea) which was ‘3 fingers’ shorter than the Egyp. cubit of 52.45 cm (Herodotus, Hist. 1. 178). The palm (
טפח t\oµp_ah\) or ‘handbreadth’ was the width of the hand at the base of the 4 fingers (hence Vulg. quattuor digitis), i.e. 7.37 cm. Thus was measured the thickness of the bronze laver (1 Ki. 7:26 = 2 Ch. 4:5), the edge of the tabernacle table (Ex. 25:25; 37:12), and of that in Ezekiel’s Temple (40:5; 43:13). A man’s life is but (a few) handbreadths in length (Ps. 39:5). (
9)
Hebrew
Cubit. The Hebrews, like the Egyptians and Babylonians, had two cubits, the common and apparently older cubit (Deut. 3:11; 2 Chron. 3:3), and a cubit that was a handbreadth longer (Ezek. 40:5; 43:14). The common Hebrew cubit was 17.72 inches and the long cubit 20.67 inches, apparently the same as the Egyptian royal cubit. (
10)
Handbreadth. [Heb. t\ephach, and t\ophach.] A linear measure derived from the breadth of the hand, or palm (Ex 25:25; 1 Ki 7:26; 2 Chr 4:5; Ps 39:5; Eze 40:5, 43; 43:13), 1/6 of a *cubit. It was either 8.72 cm. (3.43 in.) if the Egyptian cubit is followed, or 7.41 cm. (2.92 in.) if the Hebrew cubit of the 8th cent. B.C. is followed. In Ps 39:5 a handbreadth is used figuratively for the shortness of life. The cubit of Ezekiel’s day, about 17 1/2 in. (c. 43 cm.) plus a handbreadth, would almost equal the Egyptian cubit of the Exodus period. (
11)
40:5. The angelic being with Ezekiel had a measuring rod . . . six long cubits, each of which was a cubit and a handbreadth. A common cubit was about 18 inches long and a long cubit (probably the one used in Ezek.) was about 21 inches long. So the measuring rod was about 101½ feet in length. (
12)
The unit of measurement is defined as a long cubit. Scott has related the Hebrew common cubit to the Egyptian cubit of 6 palms or 24 fingers, close to 17.5 inches, and the long cubit to the Egyptian royal cubit of 7 palms or 28 fingers, about 20.6 inches; the extra palm or handbreadth amounts to 4 fingers (JBL 77 [1958] 205–14). (
13)
Archeology in Palestine has not brought to light any examples establishing the exact lengths of the linear measures used in the Old Testament. The Babylonian cubit, recorded on a statue of King Gudea of Lagash, was 19.6 inches (verified also by records on clay tablets). The Egyptian royal cubit was about 20.6 inches (52.32 cm.), but the common cubit about 17.7 inches (44.96 cm.). The Hebrews probably used the latter in building the tabernacle (Ex. 25:10), since they had but recently used Egyptian linear measures in construction work, and since their own cubit in Hezekiah’s day was approximately the same. Hezekiah’s cubit has been computed as about 17.5 inches (44.45 cm.) from the length of his Siloam tunnel (approximately 1,749 feet), which was, says the inscription on its wall, 1,200 cubits. (
14)
CUBIT
<ammah (520), “cubit.” This word has cognates in Akkadian, Ugaritic, and Aramaic. It appears about 245 times in biblical Hebrew and in all periods, but especially in Exod. 25- 27; 37-38 (specifications of the tabernacle); 1 Kings 6-7 (the specifications of Solomon’s temple and palace); and Ezek. 40-43 (the specifications of Ezekiel’s temple).
In one passage, <ammah means “pivot”: “And the posts [literally, “sockets”] of the door moved at the voice of him that cried …” (Isa. 6:4).
In almost every other occurrence, the word means “cubit,” the primary unit of linear measurement in the Old Testament. Some scholars maintain that Israel’s system of linear measurement was primarily based on the Egyptian system. In view of the history of Israel, this is a reasonable position. A “cubit” ordinarily was the distance from one’s elbow to the tip of the middle finger. Since this distance varied from individual to individual, the “cubit” was a rather imprecise measurement. Yet the first appearance of <ammah (Gen. 6:15) refers to the measurement of Noah’s ark, which implies that the word must refer to a more precise length than the ordinary “cubit.”
There was an official “cubit” in Egypt. In fact, there were both a shorter “cubit” (17.6 inches) and a longer “cubit” (20.65 inches). The Siloam inscription states that the Siloam tunnel was 1,200 “cubits” long. This divided by its measurement in feet (1,749) demonstrates that as late as Hezekiah’s day (cf. 2 Chron. 32:4) the “cubit” was about 17.5 inches or the shorter Egyptian cubit. Ezekiel probably used the Babylonian “cubit” in describing the temple. The Egyptian shorter cubit is only about three inches shorter than the longer cubit; on the other hand, the Babylonian shorter cubit was about four-fifths the length of the official royal “cubit,” about a handbreadth shorter: “And behold a wall on the outside of the house round about, and in the man’s hand a measuring reed of six cubits long by the cubit and a handbreadth …” (Ezek. 40:5). In other words, it was the width of seven palms rather than six. (
15)
a handbreadth, i.e., a span of the hand, and so a specific measurement of the width of the hand at the base of the four fingers, about 3 inches (7.37cm). (
16)
As the temple was measured, many dimensions were given in chapters 40-42. The cubit was the standard of measurement, but the length of the cubit was not as exact as one might prefer. Many have sought to determine more accurately the linear measurements of the Scripture. Archaeological data, however, has been sparse. Moreover, the linear measurements of the ancient Near East were based on the parts of the body that, of course, vary from person to person. The normal cubit was the distance between the tip of the middle finger to the tip of the elbow. On the average person this distance was approximately eighteen inches. The handbreadth was the measurement of the hand's width at the base of the fingers. This normally measured about three inches. In addition there were long cubit measurements and short cubit measurements in different countries and in the same country at different time periods in the ancient Near East. Precision, therefore, is impossible in light of the nature of the measurement and the limitation of the data. For the purposes of measurement in chapters 40-42, it seems best to take the normal cubit length of approximately eighteen inches.
The divine messenger who guided Ezekiel carried a measuring rod six cubits long. The long cubit was composed of one normal cubit plus a handbreadth, or eighteen plus three inches. Therefore, since the measurements in this portion of Ezekiel were made with this measuring rod, it will be assumed that the "cubit" in Ezekiel was normally the "long cubit" of twenty-one inches. A table of measurement equivalents follows.
Measurement Equivalents
(Based on a cubit of approximately 21 inches)
1 palm = c. 3 inches (equals 1/6 cubit)
1 cubit = c. 1.75 feet (21 inches)
1 rod = c. 10.50 feet (or 6 cubits)
The examination of the temple complex began on the outside where the messenger showed Ezekiel a wall that completely surrounded the complex. The wall was one rod high and one rod wide, or six long cubits for each dimension--approximately ten and one-half feet. (
17)
Futnote:
1: Gesenius' Hebrew GrammarAs Edited And Enlarged By The Late E. Kautzsch Professor Of Theology In The University Of Halle Second English Edition Revised In Accordance With The Twenty-Eighth German Edition (1909) ByA. E. Cowley With A Facsimile Of The Siloam Inscription By J. Euting, And A Table Of Alphabets By M. Lidzbarski Clarendon Press. Oxford.
2:New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures, 1075 strana.
3:Thomas Nelson, Inc. (1997, c1988 by Liberty University). Measures of Lenght. King James Version Stud.
4:John F. MacArthur, Jr. (1997). The MacArthur Study Bible.
5:Earl D. Radmacher, general editor; Ronald B. Allen, Old Testament editor. (1997). Nelson Study Bible [computer file], electronic ed.
6:Multiple. (1999). Bibliotheca Sacra.
7:Freedman, David Noel, ed. (1997, 1992). The Anchor Bible Dictionary.
8:Orr, James. (1999). International Standard Bible Encyclopedia.
9:The New Bible Dictionary, (1962).
10:Unger, Merrill F. (1998, c1988). The New Unger’s Bible Dictionary.
11:Horn, Siegfried H. (1979). SDA Bible Dictionary.
12:Walvoord, John F., and Zuck, Roy B. (1983, 1985). The Bible Knowledge Commentary.
13:Allen, Leslie C. (1998). Word Biblical Commentary, Volume 29: Ezekiel 20-48.
14:Nichol, Francis D. (1978). The SDA Bible Commentary.
15:W.E. Vine, Merrill F. Unger and William White. (1997, c1996). Vine’s complete expository dictionary of Old and New Testament words [computer file], electronic ed.
16: Swanson, James. (1997). A Dictionary of Biblical Languages With Semantic Domains: Hebrew (Old Testament).
17:The Expositors Bible Commentary of Old Testament.
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